CRITICAL REVIEWS IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCES

VOL. 24, NO. 1, 1999


Introduction 3

II. Methods and Analysis of Compound Phase Formation 3

III. Thermodynamic Considerations 6

A. Effective Heat of Formation Model 6

B. Temperature Dependence 7

C. Heats ofReaction 8


IV. Solid Phase Reaction...........................................................11

A. First Phase Formation............................................................11

1. Metal-Semiconductor System................................................. 11

2. Metal-Metal Systems............................................................. 14

3. Amorphous and Metastable Phases........................................ 16

4. Comparison of Walser-Bene and EHF Models....................... 19

5. Summary................................................................................... 19

B. Phase Formation Sequence........................................................ 20

C. Phase Decomposition................................................................. 21

D. Nucleation................................................................................. 22

E. Lateral and Bulk Diffusion Couples.......................................... 24

F. Effect of Stress on Phase Formation............................................ 26

G. Effect of Impurities and Diffusion Barriers.................................. 29

H. Concentration Controlled Phase Selection...................................... 32

V. Reactive Deposition ...................................................................... 33

A. Introduction.................................................................................... 33

B. First Phase Formation....................................................................... 34

C. Examples: Ni-, Co-, Fe-, lr-, and Other Silicides............................. 34

1.ni-si 34

2. Co-Si................................................................................................... 35

3. fe-si 36

4. lr-Si...................................................................................................... 37

5.other silicides 37

D. Conclusion.......................................................................................... 37

VI. Ion Beam Synthesis............................................................................ 38
A. Introduction....................................................................................... 38
B. Phase Formation................................................................................. 38
C. Examples: Co-, Ni-, Fe-, and Rare Earth Silicides.............................. 39
1. CoS2....................................................................................................... 39
2.NiSi2 41

3. FeSi2...................................................................................................... 41

4. Rare Earth Silicides.............................................................................. 41
D. Conclusion............................................................................................... 43

VIL Ion Beam Mixing................................................................................... 43
A. Introduction.............................................................................................. 43
B. Phase Formation....................................................................................... 44

1. Co-Si....................................................................................................... 44

2. Ni-AI......................................................................................................... 44
C. Other Examples........................................................................................ 45

1. Y-Si........................................................................................................... 46

2. Quasicrystalline Phases........................................................................... 46

3. Amorphous Phases.....................................................................................46
D. Conclusion.................................................................................................46

VIII. Summary and Conclusion....................................................................46
Acknowledgments........................................................................................ 51
References 51

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CRITICAL REVEIW IN SOLID STATE

VOL. 24 NO. 2 1999

Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION 105

II. PHASE DIAGRAMS 106
A. Phase Diagram of K2O-P2O5-TiO2 System ................. 106

B. Phase Diagram of K2O-P2O5-TiO2-W03 System ..............108
C. Phase Relation Under Hydrothermal Conditions ....................108

III. MATERIAL SYNTHESIS 109

IV. SOLVENTS, SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY 110
A. Solubility of KTP in High-Temperature Solvents ................... 110
B. Viscosity and Density of High-Temperature Solutions ............ 112
C. Solubility Under Hydrothermal Conditions ............................ 113

V. CRYSTAL GROWTH 114
A. High-Temperature Solution Growth ..................... 114
B. Hydrothermal Growth ..........................................117

VI. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND PHASE TRANSITIONS .......................117

VII. CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY AND SURFACE STRUCTURES ...........119
A. Crystal Morphology .......................................................................................119
B. Surface Structures .......................................................................................... 121

VIII. DEFECT CHARACTERIZATION 121
A. Dislocation Etching ............................. 121
B. X-Ray Topography ..............................122

IX. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 123
A. Optical Transmission ............................................ 123
B. Refractive Indices ................................................. 125
C. Dielectric properties and Ionic Conductivity ...........126
D. Elastic Properties ................................................. 128
E. Thermal Properties ................................................130
F. Ferroelectric Properties ........................................ 131
G. Raman Scattering Studies ...................................... 135
H. Infrared and UVSpectroscopy .............................. 137
1. EPR and ESR Studies .............................................138
J. Defect Chemistry, Laser Damage Threshold, and Damage Mechanisms . . . 139

X. NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES .......144
A. Second Harmonic Generation ............................ 145
B. Nonlinear Optical Coefficients ............................ 146
C. Sum and Difference Frequency Generation .......... 148
D. Optical Parametric Amplification and Oscillation ...149
E. Electrooptic Properties ....................................... 150

XI. OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES .............................151

XII. KTP THIN FILMS......................................... 155

XIII. DOPING IN KTP ..........................................155

XIV. ISOMORPHOUS SUBSTITUTION 157
A. Potassium TitanylArsenatc(KTA). ......................158
B. Rubidium Titanyl Phosphate (RTP) .....................160
C. Rubidium Titanyl Arsenate (RTA) .......................161
D. Cesium Titanyl Arsenate (CTA) .........................162

XV. APPLICATIONS 164
A. Nonlinear Optical Applications ............................. 164
B. Electrooptic Applications ...................................... 167

XVI. CONCLUDING REMARKS ..........................168