Current Papers in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

JUNE .1999 ,NO. 419 ,

0000 GENERAL TOPICS, ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 1

0100 GENERAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TOPICS 1

0120 Education and training 2
0140 Administration and management 3
0150 Electrical contracting and installation 3
0160 Plant engineering, maintenance and safety 3
0170 Project and production engineering 3
0180 Other general electrical engineering topics 10

0200 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND

MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 10
0210 Algebra
0220 Mathematical analysis 11
0230 Integral transforms 11
0240 Probability and statistics 11
0250 Combinatorial mathematics 12
0260 Optimisation techniques 13
0290 Numerical analysis 14

0500 MATERIALS SCIENCE FOR ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 17
0510 Crystal growth 17
0520 Thin Him growth and epitaxy 17
0530 Metals and alloys (engineering materials science) 23
0540 Ceramics and refractories (engineering materials science) 23
0550 Composite materials (engineering materials science) 23
0560 Polymers and plastics (engineering materials science) 24
0570 Glasses (engineering materials science) —
0580 Powders and porous materials (engineering materials
science) 24
0585 Intelligent materials (engineering materials science) 24
0587 Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and related materials
(engineering materials science) 24
0590 Materials testing 24

1000 CIRCUIT THEORY AND CIRCUITS 25

1100 CIRCUIT THEORY 25
1110 Network topology __
1130 General circuit analysis and synthesis methods 25
1150 Linear network analysis and design 36
1160 Nonlinear network analysis and design 26
1165 Chaotic behaviour in circuits 26
1180 Time varying and switched networks 26
1190 Other and miscellaneous topics in circuit theory —

1200 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 26
1205 Analogue circuit design, modelling and testing 26
1210 Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits 26
1220 Amplifiers 27
1230 Signal generators 27
1250 Modulators, demodulators, discriminators and mixers 27
1260 Pulse circuits __
1265 Digital electronics 28
1270 Filters and other networks 32
1280 Mixed analogue-digital circuits 34
1285 Analogue processing circuits 34
1290 Other analogue circuits 34
1295 Neural nets (circuit implementations) 34

1300 MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY 35
1305 Microwave materials 35
1310 Waveguides and siriplines 35
1320 Waveguide and stripline components 35
1350 Microwave circuits and devices 36
1370 Industrial and medical applications of microwaves 39

2000 COMPONENTS, ELECTRON DEVICES AND
MATERIALS 39

2100 PASSIVE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS, CABLES,

SWITCHES AND CONNECTORS 39
2110 Conductors 39
2120 Resistors 39
2130 Capacitors 39
2140 Inductors and transformers 40
2160 Wires and cables 41
2180 Electrical conlacis 41
2190 Fuses —

2200 PRINTED CIRCUITS, HYBRID INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS AND MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS 42
2210 Printed circuits 42
2220 Integrated circuits 43
2230 Molecular electronics 43
2240 Microassembly techniques 43
2250 Mullichip modules 44

2300 ELECTRON TUBES 44
2310 Vacuum pliysics 44
2315 Gas discharges 44
2320 Electron emission, materials and cathodes 45
2330 Electron lube technology and manufacture 46
2340 Vacuum tubes 46
2350 Microwave tubes 46
2360 Electron beiuii scanned tubes 47
2370 Phototubes —
2380 Gas discharge tubes and devices 47
2390 Electron and ion microscopes 47
2395 Other electron lubes __

2500 SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES 47
2520 Semiconductor theory, materials and properties 47
2530 Semiconductor junctions and interfaces 52
2550 Semiconductor device technology 56
2560 Semiconductor devices 61
2570 Semiconductor integrated circuits 65
2575 Micromeclianical device technology 67

2800 DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 69
2810 Dielectric materials and properties 69
2830 Insulation and insulating coatings 70
2860 Piezoelectric and fei-roeicciric devices 71
2890 Oilier dielectric applications and devices —

3000 MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING
MATERIALS AND DEVICES 71

3100 MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 71
3110 Magnetic materials 71
3120 Magnetic material applications and devices 75

3200 SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS AND DEVICES 80
3220 Superconducting materials 80
3240 Supercondlicting devices 80

4000 OPTICAL MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS,
ELECTRO-OPTICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 81

4100 OPTICAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES 81
4110 Optical materials 81
4120 Optical storage and retrieval 82
4125 Fibre optics 83
4130 Optical waveguides 84
4140 Integrated uptics 85
4145 Micro-optical devices and technology 85
4150 Electro-optical devices 87


4160 M:igneto-optical devices 87
41 70 Acousto-optical devices 87
4180 Optical logic devices and optical computing techniques 88
4190 Other optical system components 88

4200 OPTOELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 89
4210 Photoconducting materials and properties 89
4220 Luminescent materials 89
4250 Photoelectric devices 90
4260 Electnilumincsccnt devices 90
4270 Integrated optoelectronics 91

4300 LASERS AND MASERS 91
4310 Maseru 91
4320 Lasers 92
4330 Laser beam interactions and properties 96
4340 Nonlinear optics and devices 97
4350 Holography 99
4360 Laser applications 100

5000 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 101

5100 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 101
5110 Electrostatics 101
5120 Magnelostatics —
5130 Milgiietic effects of electric currents 101
5140 Electromagnetic induction 101
5150 Moving charges in electric and magnetic fields 101
5180 Electromagnetic device applications 101

5200 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES, ANTENNAS AND

PROPAGATION 101
5210 Electromagnetic wave propiigalion 102
5230 Electromagnetic compatibility and interference 104
5240 Transmission line theory 105
5260 Antenna theory 105
5270 Antennas 106

6000 COMMUNICATIONS 109

6100 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION THEORY 109
6110 Information theory 109
6120 Modulation and coding methods 109
6130 Speech and audio signal processing 112
6135 Optical, image and video signal processing 113
6140 Signal processing and delection 122
6150 Communication system theory 128

6200 TELECOMMUNICATION 136
6210 Telecommunication applications 136
6215 Telecommunication power supplies 143
6220 Stations and subscriber equipment 143
6230 Switching centres and equipment 143
6240 Transmission line links and equipment 144
6250 Radio links and equipment 144
6260 Optical communication 153
6270 Other telecommunication systems and equipmeni 156

6300 RADAR AND RADIONAVIGATION 157
6310 Radar theory 157
6320 Radar equipment, systems and applications 158
6330 Radionavigation and direction iindiiig 159
6360 Radioastronomical techniques and equipment 159

6400 RADIO, TELEVISION AND AUDIO 59
6410 Legislation, frequency allocation and spectrum pollution 159
6420 Radio and television broadcasting 159
6430 Television equipment, systems and applications 160
6450 Audio equipment and systems 161

7000 INSTRUMENTATION AND SPECIAL
APPLICATIONS 161

7100 MEASUREMENT SCIENCE 161
7110 Measurement theory 161
7120 Measurement units —
7130 Measurement standards and calibration 161
7140 Determination and value of fundamental constants —

7200 MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT AND

INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS 161
7210 Instrumentation and measurement systems 161
7220 Signal processing and conditioning equipment and

techniques 163
7230 Sensing devices and transducers 163
7250 Bench and portable instruments 168
7260 Display technology 168

.

7300 MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC VARIABLES 172
7310 Electric and magnetic variables measurement 172
7320 Nonelectric variables measurement 174

7400 ELEMENTARY PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR

INSTRUMENTATION 176
7410 Particle accelerators 176
7420 Particle and radiation detection and measurement 184
7430 Counting circuits and electronics for particle physics 186
7440 Particle spectrometers 186
7450 X-ray and gamma-ray equipment 186

7500 MEDICAL PHYSICS AND BIOMEDICAL

ENGINEERING 187
7510 Biomedical measurement and imaging 187
7520 Patient care and treatment 198
7530 Health Physics 200
7540 Hospital Engineering 202
7550 Biomédical communication 202

7600 AEROSPACE FACILITIES AND TECHNIQUES 202
7610 General aspects of aircraft, space vehicles and satellites 203
7620 Aerospace test facilities and simulation 203
7630 Aerospace instrumentation 203
7640 Aerospace propulsion 203
7650 Ground support systems 204

7700 EARTH SCIENCES 204
7710 Geophysical techniques and equipment 204
7720 Pollution detection and control 205
7730 Other remote sensing applications in Earth sciences 206

7800 SONICS AND ULTRASONICS 206
7810 Sonic and ultrasonic equipment 206
7820 Sonic and ultrasonic applications 206

7900 MILITARY SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 206
7910 Military circuits, components, and equipment 206
7930 Military communications 207
7950 Military radar and tracking systems 207
7970 Electronic warfare ----
7990 Other military topics 208


8000 POWER SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 209

8100 POWER NETWORKS AND SYSTEMS 209
8110 Power systems 209
8120 Power transmission, distribution and supply 213
8130 Power transmission lines and cables 216
8140 Power system protection 216
8150 Power system measurement and metering 217

8200 GENERATING STATIONS AND PLANTS 217
8210 Energy resources 217
8215 Energy conservation 218
8220 Nuclear power stations and plants 218
8230 Thermal power stations and plants 218
8240 Hydroelectric power stations and plants 220
8245 Wind power plants 220
8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems 220
8255 Fuel cell power plants 220
8260 Other power stations and plants —

8300 POWER APPARATUS AND ELECTRIC MACHINES 220
8310 a.c. machines 220
8320 d.c. machines 222
8330 Linear machines 223
8340 Small and special purpose electric machines 223
8350 Transformers and reactors 223
8360 Power converters and power supplies to apparatus 223
8370 Switchgear 228
8375 Substations 228
8380 Control gear and apparatus 228
8390 Other power apparatus and electric machines 228

8400 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION AND ENERGY

STORAGE 229
8410 Electrochemical conversion and storage 229
8420 Solar cells and arrays 230
8430 Magnetohydrodynamic conversion 231
8460 Other direct energy conversion 231
8470 Other energy storage 231

8500 POWER UTILISATION 231
8510 Drives 231
8520 Transportation 233
8530 Lighting technology 234
8540 Electric heating 237

page
8550 Air conditioning 237
8560 Refrigeration and cold storage 237
8570 Domestic appliances 235
8580 Other power utilisation —

8600 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF POWER 238
8610 Power applications in metallurgical industries 238
8620 Power applications in manufacturing industries —
8630 Power applications in chemical and oil relining industries 238

page
8640 Power applications in textile industries —
8650 Power applications in wood-processing, pulp and paper
industries —
8660 Power applications in printing industries 238
8670 Power applications in glass, ceramic, brick and cement
industries 238
8680 Power applications in agriculture and horticulture 238
8690 Power applications in food processing industries 238
8695 Power applications in water treatment —
8699 Power applications in other industries 238

Current Papers in Electrical & Electronics Engineerms
NO. 414, JANUARY 1999


0000 GENERAL TOPICS, ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 1

0100 GENERAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TOPICS 1
0120 Education and training 2
0140 Administration and management 3
0150 Electrical contracting and installation 3
0160 Plant engineering, maintenance and safety 3
0170 Project and production engineering 4
0180 Other general electrical engineering topics 10

0200 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND
MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 10
0210 Algebra 10
0220 Mathematical analysis 10
0230 Integral transforms —
0240 Probability and statistics 10
0250 Combinatorial mathematics 11
0260 Optimisation techniques 12
0290 Numerical analysis 12

0500 MATERIALS SCIENCE FOR ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 15
0510 Crystal growth 15
0520 Thin rilm growth and epitaxy 16
0530 Metals and alloys (engineering materials science) 22
0540 Ceramics and refractories (engineering materials science) 22
0550 Composite materials (engineering materials science) 22
0560 Polymers and plastics (engineering materials science) 22
0570 Glasses (engineering materials science) 23
0580 Powders and porous materials (engineering materials
science) 23
0585 Intelligent materials (engineering materials science) 23
0587 Fullerenes. carbon nanotubes, and related materials
(engineering materials science) 23
0590 Materials testing 23

1000 CIRCLIT THEORY AND CIRCUITS 26

1100 CIRCUIT THEORY 26
1110 Network topology 26
1130 General circuit analysis and synthesis methods 26
1150 Linear network analysis and design 27
1160 Nonlinear network analysis and design 27
1165 Chaotic behaviour in circuits 27
1180 Time varying and switched networks 27
1190 Olher and miscellaneous topics in circuit theory 27

1200 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 27
1205 Analogue circuit design, modelling and testing 27

1210 Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits 27
1220 Amplifiers 28

1230 Signalgenerators 29

1250 Modulators, demodulators, discriminators and mixers 29
1260 pulse circuits __
1265 Digital electronics 29
1270 Filters and other networks 35
1280 Mixed analogue - digital circuits 36
1285 Ananalogue-digital circuits 36
1290 Other analogue circuits 36
1295 Neural nets ( circuit implementations) 37

133 MICROWAVETECHNOLOGY 37
1305 Microwave materials 37
1310 Waveguidesandstriplines 37
1320 Waveguide and stripline components 37
1350 circuits and devices 38
1370 Industrial and medical applications of microwaves _


2000 COMPONENTS, ELECTRON DEVICES AND
MATERIALS 40

2100 PASSIVE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS, CABLES.
SWITCHES AND CONNECTORS 40
2110 Conductors 40
2120 Resistors 40
2130 Capacitors 41
2140 Inductors and transformers 41
2160 Wires and cables 41
2180 Electrical contacts 41
2190 Fuses —

2200 PRINTED CIRCUITS, HYBRID INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS AND MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS 41
2210 Printed circuits 41
2220 Integrated circuits 43
2230 Molecular electronics 43
2240 Microassembly techniques 43
2250 Multichip modules 43

2300 ELECTRON TUBES 44
2310 Vacuum physics 44
2315 Gas discharges 44
2320 Electron emission, materials and cathodes 44
2330 Electron tube technology and manufacture —
2340 Vacuum tubes 45
2350 Microwave tubes 47
2360 Electron beam scanned tubes 47
2370 Phototubes 47
2380 Gas discharge tubes and devices —
2390 Electron and ion microscopes 47
2395 Other electron tubes —

2500 SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES 47
2520 Semiconductor theory, materials and properties 47
2530 Semiconductor junctions and interfaces 50
2550 Semiconductor device technology 55
2560 Semiconductor devices 61
2570 Semiconductor integrated circuits 68
2575 Micromechanical device technology 72

2800 DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 73
2810 Dielectric materials and properties 73
2830 Insulation and insulating coatings 74
2860 Piezoelectric and ferroelectric devices 75
2890 Other dielectric applications and devices —

3000 MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING
MATERIALS AND DEVICES 77

3100 MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 77
3110 Magnetic materials 77
3120 Magnetic material applications and devices 77

3200 SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS AND DEVICES 78
3220 Superconducting materials 78
3240 Superconducting devices 79

4000 OPTICAL MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS,
ELECTRO-OPTICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 81

4100 OPTICAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES 81
4110 Optical materials 81
4120 Optical storage and retrieval 82
4125 Fibreoptics 82
4130 Optical waveguides 85
4140 Integrated optics 86
4145 Micro-optical devices and technology 86
4150 Electro-optical devices 86



4160 Magneto-optical devices 87
4170 Acolisto-oinical devices 87
41 80 Optical logic devices and optical computing techniques 87
4190 Other optical syslein components 87

4200 OPTOELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 88
4210 Photoconducting matenals and properties 88
4220 Luminescent materials 89
4250 Photoelectric devices 89
4260 Electroluminescent devices 90
4270 Integrated optoelectronics 91

4300 LASIZRS AND MASBRS 92
4310 Masers —
4320 Lasers 92
4330 Laser heani interactions and properties 99
4340 Nonlinear optics and devices 100
4350 Holography 103
4360 Laser applications 104

5000 ELECTROMAGNETIC YIELDS 106

5100 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 106
5110 Electrostatics 106
5120 Magnetostatics 107
5130 Magnetic effects electric currents —
5140 Electromagnetic induction 107
5150 Moving charges in electric and magnetic fields 107
5 180 Electromagnetic device applications 107

5200 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES , ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION 107
5210 Electromagnetic wave propagation 107
5230 Electromagnetic compatibility and interference 110
5240 Transmission line theory 111
5260 Antenna theory 112
5270 Antennas 112

6000 COMMUNICATIONS 117

6100 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION THEORY 117
6110 Information theory 117
6120 Modulation and coding methods 117
6130 Speech and audio signal processing 121
6135 Optical, image and video signal processing 122
6140 Signal processing and detection 138
6150 Communication system theory 141

6200 TELECOMMUNICATION 146
6210 Telecommunication applications 146
6215 telecommunication power supplies 152
6220 Stations and subscriber equipment 152
6230 Switching centres and equipment 152
6240 Transmission line links and equipment 153
6250 Radio links and equipment 153
6260 Optical communication 166
6270 Other telecommunication systems and equipment 169

6300 RADAR AND RADIONAVIGATION 169
6310 Radar theory 169
6320 Radar equipment, systems and applications 170
6330 Radionavigalion and direction Unding 171
6360 Radioastronomical techniques and equipment 172

6400 RADIO, TELEVISION AND AUDIO 172
6410 legislation, frequency allocation and spectrum pollution —
6420 Radio and television broadcasting 172
6430 Television equipment, systems and applications 172
6450 Audio equipment and systems 173

7000 INSTRUMENTATION AND SPECIAL
AITLICATIONS 173

7100 MLASURF.MLNTSCILNCL 173
7110 Measurement theory 173
7120 Measurement units —
7130 Measurement standards and calibration 174
7140 Determination and value of fundamental constants —

7200 MLASURLMLNT LQIUPMLNT AND
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS 174
7210 Instrumentation and measurement systems 174
7220 Signal processing and conditioning equipment and
techniques 175
7230 Sensing devices and transducers 176
7250 Bench and portable instruments 183
7260 Display technology 183

7300 MEASUREMENT OE SPECIFIC VARIABLES 184
7310 Electric and magnetic variables measurement 184
7320 Nonelectric variables measurement 185

7400 ELEMENTARY PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR
INSTRUMENTATION 189
7410 Particle accelerators 189
7420 Particle and radiation detection and measurement 190
7430 Counting circuits and electronics for particle physics 193
7440 Particle spectrometers 193
7450 X-ray and gamma-ray equipment 193

7500 MEDICAL PHYSICS AND BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING 194
7510 Biomedical measurement and imaging 194
7520 Patient care and treatment 204
7530 Health Physics 207
7540 Hospital Engineering 207
7550 Biomedical communication 208

7600 AEROSPACE FACILITIES AND TECHNIQUES 209
7610 General aspects of aircraft, space vehicles and satellites 209
7620 Aerospace test facilities and simulation 209
7630 Aerospace instrumentation 210
7640 Aerospace propulsion 211
7650 Ground support systems 212

7700 EARTH SCIENCES 212
7710 Geophysical techniques and equipment 212
7720 Pollution detection and control 216
7730 Other remote sensing applications in Earth sciences 217

7800 SONICS AND ULTRASONICS 218
7810 Sonic and ultrasonic equipment 218
7820 Sonic and ultrasonic applications 219

7900 MILITARY SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 219
7910 Military circuits, components, and equipment 219
7930 Military communications 219
7950 Military radar and tracking systems 219
7970 Electronic warfare 220
7990 Oilier military topics 221

8000 POWER SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 221

8100 POWER NETWORKS AND SYSTEMS 221
8110 Powersystems 221
8120 Power transmission, distribution and supply 228
8130 Power transmission lines and cables 231
8140 Power system protection 232
8150 Power system measurement and metering 233

8200 GENERATING STATIONS AND PLANTS 234
8210 Energy resources 234
8215 Energy conservation —
8220 Nuclear power stations and plants 234
8230 Thermal power stations and plants 236
8240 Hydroelectric power stations and plants 237
8245 Wind power plants 238
8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems 238
8255 Fuel cell pow-er plants 238
8260 Other power stations and plants 238

8300 POWER APPARATUS AND ELECTRIC MACHINES 238
8310 a.c. machines 238
8320 d.c. machines 240
8330 Linear machines 241
8340 Small and special purpose electric machines 241
8350 Transformers and reactors 241
8360 Power converters and power supplies to apparatus 242
8370 Switchgear 244
8375 Substations 245
8380 Control gear and apparatus 245
8390 Other power apparatus and electric machines 246

8400 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION AND ENERGY
STORAGE 246
8410 Electrochemical conversion and storage 246
8420 Solar cells and arrays 248
8430 Magnetohydrodynamic conversion 248
8460 Oilier direct energy conversion 248
8470 Other energy storage 248

8500 POWER UTlI.lSATION 248
8510 Drives 248
8520 Transpertation 250
8530 Lighting technology 251
251
8540 Electric heating 251
__________________________________________

0000 GENERAL TOPICS, ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE I

0100 GENERAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TOPICS I 0120 Education and training 2 0140 Administration and management 3 0150 Electrical contract ing and installation — 0160 Plant engineering, maintenance and safety 3 0170 Project and production engineering 4 0180 Other general electrical engineering topics 9

0200 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND

MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 9 0210 Algebra 9 0220 Mathematical analysis 9 0230 Integral transforms 9 0240 Probability and statistics ' 9 0250 Combinatorial mathematics 10 0260 Optimisation techniques II 0290 Numer ical analysis 12

0500 MATERIALS SCIENCE FOR ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 14 0510 Crystal growth 14 0520 Thin film growth and epitaxy 16 0530 Metals and alloy s (engineering materials science) 21 0540 Ceramics and refractories (engineering materials science) 21 0550 Composite materials (engineering materials science) 21 0560 Polymers and plastics (engineering materials science) 22 0570 Glasses (engineering materials science) — 0580 Powders and porous materials (engineering materials

science) 22 0585 Intelligent materials (engineering materials science) 22 0587 Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and related materials

(engineering materials science) — 0590 Materials testing 22

1000 CIRCUIT THEORY AND CIRCUITS 23

1100 CIRCUIT THEORY 23 1110 Network topology 23 1130 General circuit analysis and synthesis methods 24 1150 Linear network a nalysis and design 24 1160 Nonlinear network analysis and design 25 1165 Chaotic behaviour in circuits 25 1180 Time varying and switched networks 25 1190 Other and miscellaneous topics in circuit theory —

1200 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 25 1205 Analogue circuit design, modelling and testing 25 1210 Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits 25 1220 Amplifiers 26 30 Signal generators 26 0 Modulators, demodulators, discriminators and mixers 26 1260 pulse circuits — D igital electronics 27 70 Filters and other networks 32 '1280 Mixed analogue-digital circuits 33 85 Analogue processing circuits 33 90 Other analogue circuits 34 1295 Neural nets (circuit implementations) 34

00 MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY 34 '- Microwave materials 34 0 Waveguides and striplines 34 Q Waveguide and stripline components 35 Microwave circuits and devices 36 - Industrial and medical applications of microwaves 40

2000 COMPONENTS, ELECTRON DEVICES AND MATERIALS 40

2100 PASSIVE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS, CABLES,

SWITCHES AND CONNECTORS 40 2110 Conductors — 2120 Resistors 40 2130 Capacitors 41 2140 Inductors and transformers 41 2160 Wires and cables 41 2180 Electrical contacts 41 2190 Fuses 1.

2200 PRINTED CIRCUITS, HYBRID INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS AND MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS 42 2210 Printed circuits 42 \ 2220 Integrated circuits 44 2230 Molecular electroni cs 45 ... 2240 Microassembly techniques 45 \ 2250 Multichip modules 45

V' 2300 ELECTRON TUBES 45 -2310 Vacuum physics 45 \ 2315 Gas discharges 45 2320 Electron emission, materials and cathodes ' 46 \ 2330 Electron tube technology and manufacture — \ 2340 Vacuum tubes 46 2350 Microwa ve tubes 46 2360 Electron beam scanned tubes 47 2370 Phototubes 47 2380 Gas discharge tubes and devices 47 2390 Electro n and ion microscopes — 2395 Other electron tubes —

2500 SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES 47 2520 Semiconductor theory, materials and properties 47 2530 Semiconductor junctions and interfaces 51 2550 Semiconductor device technology 5 4 2560 Semiconductor devices 63 2570 Semiconductor integrated circuits 70 2575 Micromechanical device technology 72

2800 DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 74 2810 Dielectric materials and properties 74 2830 Insulation and insulating coatings 76 2860 Piezoelectric and ferroelectri c devices 78 2890 Other dielectric applications and devices —

3000 MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS AND DEVICES 79

3100 MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 79 3110 Magnetic materials 79 3120 Magnetic material applications and devices 79

3200 SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS AND DEVICES 80 3220 Superconducting materials 80 3240 Superconducting devices 81

4000 OPTICAL MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS, ELECTRO-OPTICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 82

4100 OPTICAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES 82 4110 Optical materials 82 4120 Optical storage and retrieval 83 4125 Fibre optics 84 4130 Optical waveguides 85 4140 Integrated optics 86 4145 Micro-optical devices and technology 87 4150 Electro-optical devices 87

___________________________________________

Current Papers in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

NO . 417 ,APRIL 1999

0000 GENERAL TOPICS, ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 1

0100 GENERAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TOPICS 1
0120 Education and training 2
0140 Administration and management 3
0150 Electrical contracting and installation —
0160 Plant engineering, maintenance and safety 4
0170 Project and production engineering 4
0180 Other general electrical engineering topics 10

0200 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS AND

MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 10
0210 Algebra 10
0220 Mathematical analysis 11
0230 Integral transforms 11
0240 Probability and statistics 11
0250 Combinatorial mathematics 12
0260 Optimisation techniques 14
0290 Numerical analysis 16

0500 MATERIALS SCIENCE FOR ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 19
0510 Crystal growth 19
0520 Thin film growth and epitaxy 19
0530 Metals and alloys (engineering materials science) 27
0540 Ceramics and refractories (engineering materials science) 27
0550 Composite materials (engineering materials science) 27
0560 Polymers and plastics (engineering materials science) 27
0570 Glasses (engineering materials science) 28
0580 Powders and porous materials (engineering materials
science) 28
0585 Intelligent materials (engineering materials science) 28
0587 Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and related materials
(engineering materials science) 28
0590 Materials testing 28

1000 CIRCUIT THEORY AND CIRCUITS 29

1100 CIRCUIT THEORY 29
1110 Network topology —
1130 General circuit analysis and synthesis methods 29
1150 Linear network analysis and design 29
1160 Nonlinear network analysis and design 29
1165 Chaotic behaviour in circuits 30
1180 Time varying and switched networks 30
1190 Other and miscellaneous topics in circuit theory —

1200 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 30
1205 Analogue circuit design, modelling and testing 30
1210 Power electronics, supply and supervisory circuits 30
1220 Amplifiers 31
1230 Signal generators 31
1250 Modulators, demodulators, discriminators and mixers 32
1260 puise circuits —
1265 Digital electronics 32
1270 Filters and other networks 37
1280 Mixed analogue-digital circuits 37
1285 Analogue processing circuits 38
1290 Other analogue circuits 38
1295 Neural nets (circuit implementations) 38

1300 MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY 38
1305 Microwave materials 38
1310 Waveguides and striplines 38
1320 Waveguide and stripline components 39
1350 Microwave circuits and devices 39
1370 Industrial and medical applications of microwaves 42

2100 PASSIVE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS, CABLES,

SWITCHES AND CONNECTORS 42
2110 Conductors —
2120 Resistors 42
2130 Capacitors 42
2140 Inductors and transformers 42
2160 Wires and cables 43
2180 Electrical contacts 43
2190 Fuses 43

2200 PRINTED CIRCUITS, HYBRID INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS AND MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS 43
2210 Printed circuits 43
2220 Integrated circuits 44
2230 Molecular electronics 44
2240 Microassembly techniques 44
2250 Multichip modules 44

2300 ELECTRON TUBES 44
2310 Vacuum physics 44
2315 Gas discharges 44
2320 Electron emission, materials and cathodes 44
2330 Electron tube technology and manufacture —
2340 Vacuum tubes 45
2350 Microwave tubes 45
2360 Electron beam scanned tubes 46
2370 Phototubes 46
2380 Gas discharge tubes and devices 46
2390 Electron and ion microscopes 46
2395 Other electron tubes —

2500 SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES 46
2520 Semiconductor theory, materials and properties 46
2530 Semiconductor junctions and interfaces 50
2550 Semiconductor device technology 57
2560 Semiconductor devices 68
2570 Semiconductor integrated circuits 74
2575 Micromechanical device technology 77

2800 DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 79
2810 Dielectric materials and properties 79
2830 Insulation and insulating coatings 80
2860 Piezoelectric and ferroelectric devices 80
2890 Other dielectric applications and devices 81

3000 MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING
MATERIALS AND DEVICES 81

3100 MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 81
3110 Magnetic materials 81
3120 Magnetic material applications and devices 82

3200 SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS AND DEVICES 83
3220 Superconducting materials 83
3240 Superconducting devices 84

4000 OPTICAL MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS,
ELECTRO-OPTICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 85

4100 OPTICAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES 85
4110 Optical materials 85
4120 Optical storage and retrieval 85
4125 Fibre optics 87
4130 Optical waveguides 88
4140 Integrated optics 89
4145 Micro-optical devices and technology 90
4150 Electro-optical devices 90

page
4160 Magneto-optical devices 91
4170 Acousto-optical devices 92
4180 Optical logic devices and optical computing techniques 92
4190 Other optical system components 92

4200 OPTOELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES 93
4210 Photoconducting materials and properties 93
4220 Luminescent materials 93
4250 Photoelectric devices 94
4260 Electroluminescent devices 94
4270 Integrated optoelectronics 95

.4300 LASERS AND MASERS 96
4310 Masers 96
4320 Lasers 96
4330 Laser beam interactions and properties 103
4340 Nonlinear optics and devices 104
4350 Holography 107
4360 Laser applications 107

5000 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 108

5100 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 108
5110 Electrostatics 108
5120 Magnetostatics - —
5130 Magnetic effects of electric currents 108
5140 Electromagnetic induction 108
5150 Moving charges in electric and magnetic fields 108
5180 Electromagnetic device applications 108

5200 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES, ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION 109
5210 Electromagnetic wave propagation 109
5230 Electromagnetic compatibility and interference 111
5240 Transmission line theory 111
5260 Antenna theory 112
5270 Antennas 113

6000 COMMUNICATIONS 115

6100 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION THEORY 115
6110 Information theory 115
6120 Modulation and coding methods 116
6130 Speech and audio signal processing 123
6135 Optical, image and video signal processing 125
6140 Signal processing and detection 139
6150 Communication system theory 143

6200 TELECOMMUNICATION 148
6210 Telecommunication applications 148
6215 Telecommunication power supplies —
6220 Stations and subscriber equipment 153
6230 Switching centres and equipment 154
6240 Transmission line links and equipment 154
6250 Radio links and equipment 155
6260 Optical communication 160
6270 Other telecommunication systems and equipment 163

6300 RADAR AND RADIONAVIGATION 163
6310 Radar theory 163
6320 Radar equipment, systems and applications 165
6330 Radionavigation and direction finding 167
6360 Radioastronomical techniques and equipment 167

6400 RADIO, TELEVISION AND AUDIO 168
6410 Legislation, frequency allocation and spectrum pollution 168
6420 Radio and television broadcasting 168
6430 Television equipment, systems and applications 168
6450 Audio equipment and systems 169

7000 INSTRUMENTATION AND SPECIAL
APPLICATIONS 169

7100 MEASUREMENT SCIENCE 169
7110 Measurement theory 169
7120 Measurement units 169
7130 Measurement standards and calibration 169
7140 , Determination and value of fundamental constants —

7200 MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT AND

INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS 170
7210 Instrumentation and measurement systems 170
7220 Signal processing and conditioning equipment and
techniques 173
7230 Sensing devices and transducers 173
7250 Bench and portable instruments 182
7260 Display technology 182

7300 MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC VARIABLES 186
7310 Electric and magnetic variables measurement 186
7320 Nonelectric variables measurement 188

7400 ELEMENTARY PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR
INSTRUMENTATION 190
7410 Particle accelerators 190
7420 Particle and radiation detection and measurement 197
7430 Counting circuits and electronics for particle physics 200
7440 Particle spectrometers 200
7450 X-ray and gamma-ray equipment 201

7500 MEDICAL PHYSICS AND BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING 201
7510 Biomedical measurement and imaging 201
7520 Patient care and treatment ' 212
7530 Health Physics 215
7540 Hospital Engineering 216
7550 Biomedical communication 216

7600 AEROSPACE FACILITIES AND TECHNIQUES 216
7610 General aspects of aircraft, space vehicles and satellites 216
7620 Aerospace test facilities and simulation 216
7630 Aerospace instrumentation 217
7640 Aerospace propulsion 217
7650 Ground support systems 217

7700 EARTH SCIENCES 218
7710 Geophysical techniques and equipment 218
7720 Pollution detection and control 222
7730 Other remote sensing applications in Earth sciences 222

7800 SONICS AND ULTRASONICS 223
7810 Sonic and ultrasonic equipment 223
7820 Sonic and ultrasonic applications 223

7900 MILITARY SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 223
7910 Military circuits, components, and equipment 223
7930 Military communications 223
7950 Military radar and tracking systems 224
7970 Electronic warfare 224
7990 Other military topics 224

8000 POWER SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 225

8100 POWER NETWORKS AND SYSTEMS 225
8110 Power systems 225
8120 Power transmission, distribution and supply 227
8130 Power transmission lines and cables 228
8140 Power system protection 229
8150 Power system measurement and metering 229

8200 GENERATING STATIONS AND PLANTS 230
8210 Energy resources 230
8215 Energy conservation 230
8220 Nuclear power stations and plants 230
8230 Thermal power stations and plants 231
8240 Hydroelectric power stations and plants 232
8245 Wind power plants 232
8250 Solar power stations and photovoltaic power systems 232
8255 Fuel cell power plants 233
8260 Other power stations and plants —

8300 POWER APPARATUS AND ELECTRIC MACHINES 233
8310 a.c. machines 233
8320 d.c. machines 236
8330 Linear machines 236
8340 Small and special purpose electric machines 237
8350 Transformers and reactors 237
8360 Power converters and power supplies to apparatus 237
8370 Switchgear - 241
8375 Substations ;- 241
8380 Control gear and apparatus "' 241
8390 Other power apparatus and electric machines 241

8400 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION AND ENERGY
STORAGE 242
8410 Electrochemical conversion and storage 242
8420 Solar cells and arrays 244
8430 Magnetohydrodynamic conversion —
8460 Other direct energy conversion 245
8470 Other energy storage 245

8500 POWER UTILISATION 245
8510 Drives 245
8520 Transportation 247
8530 Lighting technology 249
8540 Electric heating 249

page
8550 Air conditioning —
8560 Réfrigération and cold storage —
8570 Domestic appliances —
8580 Other power utilisation —

8600 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF POWER 249
8610 Power applications in metallurgical industries 249
8620 Power applications in manufacturing industries 249
8630 Power applications in chemical and oil refining industries 249

page
8640 Power applications in textile industries —
8650 Power applications in wood-processing, pulp and paper
industries 249
8660 Power applications in printing industries 249
8670 Power applications in glass, ceramic, brick and cement
industries 249
8680 Power applications in agriculture and horticulture —
8690 Power applications in food processing industries —
8695 Power applications in water treatment 250
8699 Power applications in other industries 250

 ______________________________________