Physics in Medicine and Biology

Volume 44 Number 2 February 1999

Commentary: progress in optimization of patient dose and image quality in x-ray
diagnostics
G A Carlsson and H-P Chan

PAPERS

323 Clinical relative biological effectiveness oflovy-energy x-rays emitted by miniature x-ray

devices
D J Brenner, C-S Leu, J F Beatty and R E Shefer

335 FDTD analysis of close-coupled 418 MHz radiating devices for human biotelemetry

W G Scanlon, N E Evans and J B Burns

347 Membrane solubilization in erythrocytes as a measure of radiation exposure to fast

neutrons
A Soltan Monern, FM Ali,NJJ Al-thani and S A All

357 Dose errors in the near field of an HDR brachytherapy stepping source

T Wong, S Wallace, W Femando, W Schumer and G Quong

365 A consistent formalism for the application of phantom and collimator scatter factors
J L M Venselaar, J J M van Gasteren, S Heukelom, H N Jager, B J Mijnheer, R van der Laarse,
H J van Kleffens and C F Westermann

383 Constrained customization of non-coplanar beam orientations in radiotherapy of brain

tumours
C G Rowbottom, M Oldham and S Webb

401 A control systems approach for the simulation of renal dynamic software phantoms for

nuclear medicine
A S Houston, W F D Sampson, R M J Jose and J F Boyce

413 Modelling the anisotropic electrical properties of skeletal muscle

F X Hart, N J Bemer and R L McMillen

423 A sensor-weighted overlapping-sphere head model and exhaustive head model comparison

for MEG
M X Huang, J C Mosher and RM Leahy

441 Simulation of dose distribution irradiation by the Leksell Gamma Unit

Liu Xiaowei and Zhang Chunxiang

447 Monte Carlo based protocol for cell survival and tumour control probability in BNCT

Sung-Joon Ye

463 Dosimetric verification of a commercial inverse treatment planning system
L Xing, B Curran, R Hill, T Holmes, L Ma, K M Forster and A L Boyer

479 An objective function for radiation treatment optimization based on local biological

measures
M Alber and F Nlisslin

495 Registration using tomographic projection files
E E Fitchard, J S Aldridge, K Ruchala, G Fang, J Balog, D W Pearson, G H Olivera,
E A Schloesser, D Wenman, P J Reckwerdt and T R Mackie

509 The 'equivalent wedge' implementation of the Varian Enhanced Dynamic Wedge (KDW)

into a treatment planning system
S Papatheodorou, S Zefkili and J-C Rosenwald



525 Experimental validation of arthroscopic cartilage stifTness measurement using

enzymatically degraded cartilage samples
T Lyyra, J P A Arokoski. N Oksala, A Vihko, M Hyttinen, J S Jurvelin and I Kiviranta

537 A search for improved technique factors in paediatric fluoroscopy

M J Tapiovaara, M Sandborg and D R Dance

561 Single-slice rebinning method for helical cone-beam CT

F Noo, M Defrise and R Clackdoyle

571 Developments in component-based normalization for 3D PET

R DBadawi and P K Marsden

595 Internal absorbed dose estimation by a TLD method for ^F-FDG and comparison with

dose estimates from whole body PET
H M Deluar, T Fujiwara, M Shidahara, T Nakamura, A Yamadera and M ltoh

607 Comparison of four magnetic resonance methods for mapping small temperature chan;
W Wlodarczyk, M Hentschel, P Wust, R Noeske, N Hosten, H Rinneberg and R Felix

NOTES

N9 Comparing two methods for calculating phantom scatter

J McDonough, Y Xiao and B E Bjarngard

N15 A technique for manual definition of an irregular volume of interest in single photon

emission computed tomography
J S Fleming, P M Kemp and L Bolt

LI LETTER TO THE EDITOR
625 Book reviews

Physics in Medicine & Biology

Volume 44, Number 3, March 1999

Commentary: developments in calorimetry
K Faulkner

TOPICAL RKVIKW

R23 Imaging modalities in x-ray computerized tomography and in selected volume tomography

C A Carlssun

PAPERS

627 Correction factors and performance of a 4 °C sealed water calorimeter

J Seuntjens and H Pairrians

647 Absorbed dose beam quality correction factors kq for the NE2571 chamber in a 5 MV and

a 10 MV photon beam
H Palmans, W Mondelaers and H Thierens

665 The influence of backscatter material on (99m)Tc and (201) TI line source responses

H W AM dc Jong, F J Beekinan, M Ljungberg and P P van Rijk

681 Subliarmonic generation from ultrasonic contrast agents
P D Krishna, P M Shankar and V L Newhouse

695 Head and neck resonance in a rhesus monkey—a comparison with results from a human

model
A Tinniswood and 0 P Gandhi

705 Comparisons between MCNP, EGS4 and experiment for clinical electron beams

R Jeraj, P J Keall and P M Ostwald

719 Experimental hydrogen kerma factors for incident neutron energies from 25 to 75 MeV

V Corcalcilic, S Benck, R Main, J P Meulders and I Slypen

727 A multiwavelength frequency-domain near-infrared cerebral oximeter

C D Kurth and W S Thayer

741 In-line holography and phase-contrast microtomography with high energy x-rays

P Spanne, C Raven, I Snigireva and A Snigirev

751 Accuracy limits for the determination of cortical width and density: the influence of object

size and CT imaging parameters
S Prevrhal, K Engeike and W A Kalender

765 Blind estimation of compartmental model parameters
EVRDi Bella, R Clackdoyle and G T Gullberg

781 Calculation of positron range and its effect on the fundamental limit of positron emission

tomography system spatial resolution
C S Levin and E J Hoffinan

801 Reflectance measurements of layered media with diffuse photon-density waves: a potential

tool for evaluating deep burns and subcutaneous lesions
L 0 Svaasand, T Spott, J B Fishkin, T Phain, B J Trombei-g and M W Berns

NOTES

N21 The use of an inhomogeneous applied field improves the spatial sensitivity profile of an in

vivo SQUID susceptometer
S Delia Penna, C Del Gratta, S Di Lu/io, V Pizzella, K Torquati and G L Romani

(Continued on inside back cover)

N31 Intercompariso'n of calibration procedures for (192) HDR sources in Brazil
C E de Almeida, A J Pereira, M H Marechal, G Pereira, J C Cruz, J C Ferraz, A J Giordani,
C M Khalil, R H Martins, G Menegussi, D Moreira, J R Rocha and M A Pinto

N39 A dynamic phantom for radionuclide renography

J 0 Heikkinen

L3 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
815 Book review

Physics in Medicine and Biology

Volume 44, Number 4, April 1999

Commentary: Photothermal effects of laser tissue soldering
T Menovsky and M J C van Gemert

TOPICAL REVIEW

R57 Application of mathematical methods in dynamic nuclear medicine studies
R S Lawson

PAPERS

817 Methods for beam data acquisition offered by a mini-phantom
D Georg and A Dutreix

833 The use of GAFchromic film to determine the absolute activity of beta emitters
R A Fox, P Barker and G Smart

843 The importance of radiometer angular response for ultraviolet phototherapy dosimetry
C J Martin, G D Currie and S D Pye

857 Plastic scintillator response to low-energy photons
J F Williamson, J F Dempsey, A S Kirov, J I Monroe, W R Binns and H Hedtjam

873 Can heavy charged particles really be regarded as high-LET radiations with respect to
their radiobiological actions? 1: LETs and fluences of heavy charged particles and
associated delta -rays
S I wanami and N Oda

887 Dosimetry of Gamma Knife and linac-based radiosurgery using radiochromic and diode
detectors
A Somigliana, G M Cattaneo, C Fiorino, S Borelli, A del Vecchio, G Zonca, E Pignoli, G Loi,
R Calandrino and R Marchesini
899 Radiofrequency multielectrode catheter ablation in the alrium
D Panescu, S D Fleischman, J G Whayne, D K Swanson, M S Mirotznik, I McRury and

D E Haincs

917 Ultraviolet radiation penetrating vehicle glass: a field based comparative study
M G Kimlin and A V Parisi
927 Forward problem solution for electrical conductivity imaging via contactless measurements
N G Gender and M N Tek
941 Randoms variance reduction in 3D PET
R D Badawi, M P Miller, D L Bailey and P K Marsden

955 The feasibility of a sensitive low-dose method for the in vivo evaluation of Fe in skin using

K-shell x-ray fluorescence (XRF)
M J Farquharson and D A Bradley
967 The determination of in vivo human tissue optical properties and absolute chromophore
concentrations using spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
R M P Doombos, R Lang, M C Aalders, F W Cross and H J CM Sterenborg

983 Photothermal effects of laser tissue soldering
K M McNally, B S Sorg, A J Welch, J M Dawes and E R Owen

1003 Contact cooling of the skin
G B Altshuler, H H Zenzie, A V Erofeev, M Z Smirnov, R R Anderson and C Dierickx

1025 Numerical evaluation of 60 Hz magnetic induction in the human body in complex

occupational environments
T W Dawson, K Caputa and M A Stuchly

1041 Localized specific absorption rate calculations in a realistic phantom leg at 1-30 MHz using
a finite element method .
P R Wainwright

1053 Equivalent fields and scatter integration for photon fields
Y Xiao, B E Bjamgard and J Reiff

1067 A macropencil beam model: clinical implementation for conformal and intensity
modulated radiation therapy
M H Phillips, K M Singer and A R Hounsell

1089 Inverse planning for x-ray rotation therapy: a general solution of the inverse problem
U Oelfke and T Bortfeld
1105 Fast and exact 2D image reconstruction by means of Chebyshev decomposition and
backprojection
T Bortfeld and U O elfke

NOTES

N55 Bootstrap resampling: a powerful method of assessing confidence intervals for doses from

experimental data
G lwi, R K Millard, A M Palmer, A W Preece and M Saunders

N63 Contrast reduction in digital images due to x-ray induced damage to a TV camera's CCD

image receptor
D Okkalides

L7 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
1121 Book reviews
1123 Forthcoming events

Physics in Medicine & Biology

Volume 44, Number 6, June 1999

PAPERS

1427 Control of cavitation activity by different shockwave pulsing regimes
P Huber, J Debus, K Jochle, I Simiantonakis, J Jenne, R Rastert, J Spoo, W J Lorenz and
M Wannenmacher

1439 Performing (18)F-FDG PET studies following injections of (99m) Tc-sestamibi

R J Smith and J S Karp

1455 Algorithms for density and composition-discrimination imaging for fourth-generation CT
systems
P Busono and E M A Hussein

1479 An investigation of the flow dependence of temperature gradients near large vessels during
steady state and transient tissue heating
M C Kolios, A E Worthington, D W Huldsworth, M D Sherar and J W Hunt

1499 Temperature measurement errors with thermocouples inside 27 MHz current source
interstitial hyperthermia applicators
R SJP Kaatee, H Crezee and A G Visser

1513 Pre-optimization of radiotherapy treatment planning: an artificial neural network
classification aided technique
M E Hosseini-Ashrafi, H Bagherebadian and E Yahaqi

1529 A CCD-based system for the detection of DNA in electrophoresis gels by UV absorption
A R Mahon, J H MacDonald, R J Oil and A Mainwood

1543 Non-invasive optical monitoring of the newborn piglet brain using continuous-wave and
frequency-domain spectroscopy
S Fantini, D Hueber, M A Franceschini, E Gratton, W Rosenfeld, P G Stubblefield, D Maulik
and M R Stankovic

1565 Shape-based grey-level image interpolation
Keh-Shih Chuang, Chun-Yuan Chen, Liq-Ji Yuan and Ching-Kai Yeh

NOTES

N77 Calculation of depth dose and dose per monitor unit for irregularly shaped electron fields:
an addendum
F M Khan and P D Higgins

N81 Range modulation in proton therapy—an optimization technique for clinical and
experimental applications
K-U Gardey, U Oelfke and G KY Lam

N89 Radiological thickness measurement using a liquid ionization chamber electronic portal
imaging device
P M Evans, E M Donovan, M Partridge, A M Bidmead, A Gai-ton and C Mubata

N99 New adiabatic inversion pulses for magnetic resonance imaging
E Lunati, P Cotrancesco and M Villa

N107 New tissue substitutes representing cortical bone and adipose tissue in quantitative
radiology
S Sanada, K Kawahara, T Yamamoto and T Takashima

N113 Total body-calcium measurements: comparison of two delayed-gamma neutron activation
facilities
R Ma, K J Ellis, S Yasumura, R J Shypailo and R N Pierson Jr

NI 19 Computer-guided laser probe for ablation of brain tumours with ultrashort laser pulses
M H Goelz, S K Fischer, A Velten, J F Bille and V Sturm

N129 Changes in the energy response of a dedicated gamma camera after exposure to a high-flux
irradiation
R Matheoud, F Zito, C Canzi, F Voltini and P Gerundini

N137 Pulsed EPR imaging: image reconstruction using selective acquisition sequences
S Di Giuseppe, G Placidi, J A Brivati, M Alecci and A Sotgiu
Lll LETTER TO THE EDITOR

1579 Book review

1580 Corrigendum

Physics in Medicine and Biology
Volume: 44, Number: 5, May 1999

PAPERS

1125 An evaluation ofepoxy resin phantom materials for megavoltage photon dosimetry
M Allahverdi, A Nisbet and IJ I Thwailes

1133 Patient dosimetry in abdominal arteriograpliy
G J Kemerink, P J H Kicken, F W Schultz, J Zoctelief and J M A van Engelshoven

1147 The magnetization transfer characteristics of human breast tissues: an in vitro NMR study
C Callicott, J M Thomas and A W Goode

1155 Evaluation of spurious results in the infrared measurement of CO2 isotope ratios due to
spectral effects: a computer simulation study
C D Mansfield and H N Rutt

1169 Laser shaping of corneal transplants in vitro: area ablation with small overlapping laser
spots produced by a pulsed scanning laser beam using an optimizing ablation algorithm
P Homolka, R Biowski, S Kaminski, T Barisani, W Husinsky, II Bcrgmann and G Grabner

1181 Alanine/EPR dosimetry in brachytherapy
C De Angelis, S Onori, E Petetti, A Piermattei and L AZario

1193 Determination of water absorbed dose in a carbon ion beam using thimble ionization
chambers
G H Hartmann, 0 Jakel, P Heeg, C P Karger and A KrieBbach

1207 Reduction of the gamma-ray component from 252Cf fission neutron source—optimization
for biological irradiations and comparison with MCNP code
S Endo, D L Stevens, P Bonner, M A Hill, H Nikjuo, M Dalla Vecchia, K Komatsu, M Hoshi and
D T Goodhead

1219 An MCNP-based model of a linear accelerator x-ray beam
R D Lewis, S J S Ryde, D A Hancock and C J Evans

1231 An automatic method for the identification and interpretation of clustered
microcalcifications in mammograms
F Schmidt, E Sorantin, C Szepesvari, E GraiC, M Becker, H Mayer and K Hailwagner

1245 Application of the fundamental parameter method to the in vivo x-ray fluorescence analysis
of Pt
I Szaloki, D G Lewis, C A Bennett and A Kilic

1257 Properties of the light emerging from a diffusive medium: angular dependence and flux at
the external boundary
F Martelli, A Sassaroli, G Zaccanli and Y Yamada

1277 Acoustic measurement of compressibility and thermal expansion coefficient of erythrocytes
M Toubal, M Asmani, E Radziszewski and B Nongaillard

1289 Measurements of the equivalent whole-body dose during radiation therapy by cytogenetic
methods
M Durante, S Yamada, K Ando, Y Furusawa, T Kawata, H Majima, T Nakano and H Tsujii

1299 Experimental study on the influence of the central electrode in Farmer-type ionization
chambers
A Palm and 0 Mattsson

1309 A study on virtual source position for electron beams from a Mevatron MD linear
accelerator
B P Ravindran

1317 Photon-counting radiography with the gas microstrip detector
D G Gobbi, M S Dixit, J Dubeau and P C Johns

1337 Proportionality between Wiener spectra of quantum mottle and the squares of modulation
transfer functions
H Arimura, H Kubota, M Matsumoto and U Kanainori

1353 A simple model for estimating the particle size dependence of absolute efficiency of
fluorescent screens
J Lindstroin and G A Carlsson

1369 Detective quantum efTiciency of an amorphous selenium detector to megavoltage radiation
D Mah, J A Rawlinson and J A Rowlands

1385 Subsets and overrelaxation in iterative image reconstruction
P Schmidlin, M E Bellemann and G Brix

1397 Non-invasive measurement of chemotherapy drug concentrations in tissue: preliminary
demonstrations of in vivo measurements
J R Mourant, T M John-son, G Los and I J Bigio

1419 A novel frequency domain fluorescence technique for determination of triplet decay times
H J CM Sterenborg, M E Janson and M J C van Gemert
NOTE

N69 Optimization of axial RF field distribution in low-frequency EPR loop-gap resonators
R Diodato, M Alecci, J A Brivati, V Varoli and A Sotgiu

L9 LETTER TO THE EDITOR